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Home  ›  What Military Service Did Hitler Serve In

What Military Service Did Hitler Serve In

Written By Friday, March 25, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Adolf Hitler
Hitler 1914 1918.jpg

Adolf Hitler in compatible c. 1921–1924
Fidelity High german Empire
Weimar Republic
Service/branch Majestic German language Army
Reichsheer
Years of service 1914–1920
Rank Gefreiter
Unit Kingdom of Bavaria 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment
Battles/wars Earth War I
  • Beginning Battle of Ypres
  • Battle of the Somme  (WIA)
    • Battle of Fromelles
  • Battle of Arras
  • Battle of Passchendaele
Awards
  • Atomic number 26 Cross First Grade
  • Iron Cross Second Class
  • Wound Badge
  • Honour Cross 1914–1918
  • Bavarian Cross of Military Merit, Third Class with Swords
  • Bavarian Medal of Military Service, Third Course
  • Regimental Diploma (Regiment "List")

The war machine career of Adolf Hitler can be divided into 2 distinct portions of Adolf Hitler'due south life. Mainly, the period during Globe War I when Hitler served as a Gefreiter (lance corporal[A 1]) in the Bavarian Ground forces, and the era of World War II when Hitler served every bit the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht (German language Armed Forces) through his position as Führer of Nazi Federal republic of germany.

History [edit]

First World War [edit]

In Vienna, where he had been living in relative poverty since 1907, Hitler received the final role of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich, where he earned money painting architectural scenes. He may have left Vienna to evade conscription into the Austrian Regular army.[3] Hitler afterwards claimed that he did non wish to serve the Habsburg Empire because of the mixture of "races" in its ground forces. The Bavarian police sent him dorsum to Salzburg for induction into the Austrian Army, but he failed his concrete exam on five Feb 1914 and returned to Munich.[3]

He was 25 years old in August 1914, when Austria-Republic of hungary and the High german Empire entered the Get-go World State of war. Because of his Austrian citizenship, he had to request permission to serve in the Bavarian Army. Permission was granted.[4] On the evidence of a report by the Bavarian authorities in 1924, which questioned how Hitler was allowed to serve in the Bavarian Army, Hitler almost certainly was enlisted through an error on the part of the government. The authorities could not explain why he was not deported back to Austria in 1914 after he failed his physical exam for the Austrian Army. They concluded that the matter of Hitler'due south citizenship was but not raised; thus he was allowed to enter the Bavarian Army.[5] In the ground forces, Hitler continued to put forth his High german nationalist ideas which he developed from a young historic period.[6]

During the war, Hitler served in France and Belgium in the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment).[7] [eight] He was an infantryman in the 1st Company during the Starting time Boxing of Ypres (Oct 1914), which Germans remember as the Kindermord bei Ypern (Ypres Massacre of the Innocents) because approximately 40,000 men (between a 3rd and a one-half, many of them university students) of nine newly-enlisted infantry divisions became casualties in the first xx days. Hitler's regiment entered the boxing with 3,600 men but at its end mustered only 611 men.[ix] By Dec, Hitler's own company of 250 was reduced to 42. Biographer John Keegan claims that this experience drove Hitler to get aloof and withdrawn for the remaining years of war.[10] Afterward the battle, Hitler was promoted from Schütze (private) to Gefreiter (lance corporal). He was assigned to be a regimental message-runner.[xi] [12]

Postcard sent by Hitler from Munich on 19 December 1916, where he explains how he wants to participate in the battles of the Outset World War voluntarily

Ernst Schmidt; Max Amann, Adolf Hitler (wearing Iron Cantankerous 2d Class medals) with Fuchsl

Young Hitler (farthest left at bottom row) posing with other German soldiers and their dog Fuchsl

Hitler sitting at far right among soldiers of the "List" regiment and Fuchsl

Some have regarded this consignment as "a relatively safe job", because regimental headquarters was often several miles behind the Forepart.[13] Co-ordinate to Thomas Weber, earlier historians of the menstruum had not distinguished between regimental runners, who were based abroad from the front "in relative condolement", and company, or battalion runners, who moved amongst the trenches and were more than oft under fire.[13]

Messengers' duties changed as the German language Army on the Western Front settled into their defensive positions as a upshot of the ongoing stalemate. Fewer messages went by foot or bike and more by telephone. Hitler'southward circle of comrades also served at headquarters. They laughed at "Adi" for his aversion to smutty stories, and traded their jam rations for his tobacco.[A 2]

In early on 1915, Lance Corporal Hitler adopted a stray dog he named Fuchsl (Little Fox), who was taught many tricks and became his honey companion. Hitler described him equally a "proper circus dog". In August 1917 the List Regiment transferred to a quiet sector of the forepart in Alsace. During the journey, both Fuchsl and Hitler's portfolio of sketches and paintings were stolen.[15] Hitler, though heartbroken past his loss, did take his starting time get out, which consisted of an eighteen-day visit to Berlin where he stayed with the family unit of a comrade.[16]

The List Regiment fought in many battles, including the First Boxing of Ypres (1914), the Boxing of the Somme (1916), the Battle of Arras (1917), and the Battle of Passchendaele (1917).[17] During the Battle of Fromelles on xix–20 July 1916 the Australians, mounting their offset attack in French republic, assaulted the Bavarian positions. The Bavarians repulsed the attackers, who suffered the second-highest losses they had on whatever day on the Western Forepart, about 7,000 men.[18] The history of the Listing Regiment hailed this bright defence as the "personification of the German Ground forces on the Western Front".[xix]

At the Nuremberg Trials, 2 of his old superiors testified that Hitler had refused to exist considered for promotion.[A 3] Hitler was twice decorated for bravery. He received the Iron Cross 2d Form in 1914 and the Atomic number 26 Cantankerous First Class in 1918, an honor rarely given to a lance corporal.[twenty] Hitler's First Class Iron Cross was recommended past Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann, a Jewish adjutant in the Listing Regiment.[21] According to Weber, this rare honour was commonly awarded to those posted to regimental headquarters, such every bit Hitler, who had contact with more senior officers than did combat soldiers.[xiii] Hitler's Iron Cross First Course was awarded afterwards an attack in open warfare during which messengers were indispensable and on a twenty-four hour period in which the depleted regiment lost 60 killed and 211 wounded.[22]

During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916 Hitler received a wound in his left thigh when a trounce exploded at the archway to the dispatch runners' dugout.[23] He begged non to be evacuated,[24] but was sent for almost 2 months to the Ruby-red Cross infirmary at Beelitz in Brandenburg. Thereafter, he was ordered to the depot in Munich. He wrote to his commanding officer, Hauptmann Fritz Wiedemann, request that he be recalled to the regiment because he could not tolerate Munich when he knew his comrades were at the Front.[25] Wiedemann arranged for Hitler's return to his regiment on 5 March 1917.[xvi]

On fifteen October 1918, he and several comrades were temporarily blinded—and according to Friedelind Wagner,[26] Hitler also lost his vocalism—due to a British mustard gas attack. After initial treatment, Hitler was hospitalized in Pasewalk in Pomerania.[27] While there, on ten November, Hitler learned of Germany's defeat from a pastor, and—by his own business relationship—on receiving this news he suffered a second bout of incomprehension.[28] Hitler was outraged by the subsequent Treaty of Versailles (1919), which forced Germany to accept responsibility for starting the state of war, deprived Federal republic of germany of various territories, demilitarised the Rhineland (which the Allies occupied), and imposed economically damaging sanctions. Hitler later wrote: "When I was confined to bed, the idea came to me that I would liberate Germany, that I would arrive keen. I knew immediately that it would be realized."[29] Nonetheless, it is unlikely that he committed himself to a career in politics at that point in time.[30]

On 19 Nov 1918, Hitler was discharged from the Pasewalk hospital and returned to Munich. Arriving on 21 Nov, he was assigned to 7th Visitor of the 1st Replacement Battalion of the second Infantry Regiment. In December he was reassigned to a Prisoner of war camp in Traunstein as a guard.[31] There he would stay until the camp dissolved January 1919.[A 4]

He returned to Munich and spent a few months in barracks waiting for reassignment. Munich, then function of the People's State of Bavaria, was in a state of chaos with a number of assassinations occurring, including that of socialist Kurt Eisner[A five] who was shot dead in Munich by a German nationalist on 21 February 1919. His rival Erhard Auer was besides wounded in an set on. Other acts of violence were the killings of both Major Paul Ritter von Jahreiß and the bourgeois MP Heinrich Osel. In this political turmoil, Berlin sent in the military – called the "White Guards of Commercialism" by the communists. On three Apr 1919, Hitler was elected as the liaison of his military battalion and once more on 15 April. During this time he urged his unit to stay out of the fighting and non join either side.[32] The Bavarian Soviet Republic was officially crushed on 6 May 1919, when Lt. Full general Burghard von Oven and his war machine forces declared the city secure. In the aftermath of arrests and executions, Hitler denounced a young man liaison, Georg Dufter, as a Soviet "radical rabble-rouser."[33] Other testimony he gave to the armed services board of inquiry allowed them to root out other members of the war machine that "had been infected with revolutionary fervor."[34] For his anti-communist views he was allowed to avert discharge when his unit of measurement was disbanded in May 1919.[35]

Army intelligence amanuensis [edit]

In June 1919 he was moved to the demobilization office of the 2nd Infantry Regiment.[A vi] Effectually this time the German military command released an edict that the army'southward chief priority was to "carry out, in conjunction with the police, stricter surveillance of the population ... so that the ignition of whatsoever new unrest can be discovered and extinguished."[33] In May 1919 Karl Mayr became commander of the 6th Battalion of the guards regiment in Munich and from 30 May equally caput of the "Education and Propaganda Department" (Dept Ib/P) of the Bavarian Reichswehr, Headquarters 4.[36] In this capacity every bit caput of the intelligence department, Mayr recruited Hitler as an undercover agent in early June 1919. Under Helm Mayr, "national thinking" courses were bundled at the Reichswehrlager Lechfeld well-nigh Augsburg,[36] with Hitler attending from 10–nineteen July. During this time Hitler then impressed Mayr that he assigned him to an anti-bolshevik "educational commando" as 1 of 26 instructors in the summer of 1919.[37] [38] [39] [A vii]

Every bit an appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, Hitler'southward job was to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Political party (DAP). While monitoring the activities of the DAP, Hitler became attracted to the founder Anton Drexler's antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-Marxist ideas.[xl] Impressed with Hitler's oratory skills, Drexler invited him to bring together the DAP, which Hitler did on 12 September 1919.[41]

Henry Tandey incident [edit]

Although disputed, Hitler and decorated British soldier Henry Tandey allegedly encountered each other at the French village of Marcoing. The story is attack 28 September 1918, while Tandey was serving with the 5th Knuckles of Wellington's Regiment, and relates that a weary German soldier wandered into Tandey's line of fire. The enemy soldier was wounded and did not even effort to raise his own burglarize. Tandey chose non to shoot. The German soldier saw him lower his rifle and nodded his thanks earlier wandering off. That soldier is purported to have been Adolf Hitler.[42] [43] [44] The author David Johnson, who wrote a book on Henry Tandey,[45] believes this story was an urban fable.[46]

Hitler apparently saw a paper report nigh Tandey existence awarded the VC (in October 1918, whilst serving with the 5th Battalion Duke of Wellington'south (West Riding) Regiment), recognized him, and clipped the article.[44]

In 1937, Hitler was fabricated aware of a particular Fortunino Matania painting[47] by Dr Otto Schwend, a member of his staff. Schwend had been a medical officer during the First Battle of Ypres in 1914. He had been sent a re-create of the painting by a Lieutenant Colonel Earle in 1936. Earle had been treated by Schwend in a medical mail at the Menin Crossroads and they remained in touch subsequently the state of war.[48]

The painting was commissioned by the Green Howards Regiment from the Italian artist in 1923, showing a soldier purported to be Tandey conveying a wounded man at the Kruiseke Crossroads in 1914, northwest of Menin. The painting was made from a sketch, provided to Matania, by the regiment, based on an actual issue at that crossroads. A building shown behind Tandey in the painting belonged to the Van Den Broucke family, who were presented with a re-create of the painting past the Green Howards Regiment.[49]

Schwend obtained a big photograph of the painting. Captain Weidemann, Hitler'southward adjutant, wrote the post-obit response:

I beg to acknowledge your friendly gift which has been sent to Berlin through the good offices of Dr. Schwend. The Führer is naturally very interested in things connected with his own state of war experiences, and he was obviously moved when I showed him the photograph and explained the idea which you had in causing it to exist sent to him. He was manifestly moved when I showed him the moving picture. He has directed me to send you his all-time thanks for your friendly souvenir which is so rich in memories.

Obviously Hitler identified the soldier conveying the wounded man as Tandey from the photograph of him in the newspaper clipping he had obtained in 1918.[50]

In 1938, when Neville Chamberlain visited Hitler at his alpine retreat, the Berghof, for the discussions that led to the Munich Agreement, he noticed the painting and asked near it. Hitler replied:

That human being came so well-nigh to killing me that I thought I should never see Federal republic of germany once again; Providence saved me from such devilishly authentic burn as those English boys were aiming at united states.[51]

Co-ordinate to the story, Hitler asked Chamberlain to convey his best wishes and gratitude to Tandey. Chamberlain promised to phone Tandey in person on his render, which evidently he did. The Cadbury Research Centre, which holds copies of Chamberlain's papers and diaries, has no references relating to Tandey from the records of the 1938 coming together.[52] [53] The story further states that the telephone was answered by a 9-twelvemonth-old child chosen William Whateley.[54] William was related to Tandey's wife Edith. However, Tandey at that time lived at 22 Cope Street, Coventry, and worked for the Triumph Motor Visitor. According to the company records, they only had three phone lines, none of which was at Tandey's address. British Telecommunications archive records likewise have no telephones registered to that address in 1938.[55]

Historical research throws serious doubts on whether the incident actually ever occurred. Hitler took his second leave from military service on 10 September 1918 for 18 days.[56] This means that he was in Deutschland on the presumed date of the alleged upshot.

In 1918 Hitler did all the same fight opposite Anthony Eden, a future British prime minister, every bit they both establish out when they met during the Munich negotiations.[57] [58]

Paramilitary career [edit]

Hitler wearing the dark-brown uniform of Führer und Reichskanzler, a title Hitler assumed to himself on merging the offices of Chancellor and President.

Later on Hitler became the leader of the Nazi Political party, he began acquiring paramilitary-like titles and using Nazi Political party paramilitary uniforms to denote his position. Hitler'south main title within the Nazi Political party was simply that of Führer (leader) and in that location was never whatever special uniform designed for Hitler'south position. The dark-brown Nazi Party compatible that Hitler is virtually often associated with was a paramilitary uniform of the SA and denoted Hitler's position every bit Oberster SA-Führer. Hitler was, past default as Führer, the supreme commander of every Nazi paramilitary organization, but he never adopted extra ranks in these organizations nor did he take special uniforms to denote his position. Hitler also technically qualified for every Nazi political ornamentation, but in practise merely wore his World War I Iron Cantankerous, the Golden Nazi Political party Pin, and the Wound Badge in Black. During Nazi rallies at Nuremberg in the early on 1930s, Hitler temporarily wore the 1929 Nuremberg Party Day Badge, merely discontinued this afterward about 1935.

Rearmament [edit]

Half dozen days after being sworn in as Chancellor in 1933, Hitler met with the German military leaders, declaring that his beginning priority was rearmament.[59] The new Defence Minister, General Werner von Blomberg, introduced Nazi principles into the armed forces, emphasizing the concept of Volksgemeinschaft (national customs), in which Germans were united in a classless society.[60] "The uniform makes all men equal."[61] Armed forces rank specified a chain of command, not grade boundaries. Officers were instructed to mingle with other ranks. Blomberg's decree on the regular army and National Socialism on 25 May 1934 ordered: "When not-commissioned officers and men take part in whatsoever festivity, care must be taken that the officers do not all sit together. I asking that this guidance be given the virtually serious attention."[62] The quickly expanding armed forces enlisted many new officers and men from the Hitler Youth. The American William L. Shirer reported that all ranks ate the same rations, socialized when off duty, and that officers were concerned with their men's personal problems.[63]

On 1 Baronial 1934, a new law stated that on Hindenburg's death the presidency would be abolished, and its powers merged with those of the Chancellor. From that day onward, Hitler would exist known as Führer and Reich Chancellor. As head of country, Hitler became supreme commander of all armed forces.[64] Hindenburg died the following mean solar day. (The new office was confirmed by a plebiscite on nineteen August 1934.) Blomberg, on his own initiative, introduced the Oath of ii August 1934: "I swear by God this sacred adjuration that I will render unconditional obedience to the Führer of the German Reich and people, Adolf Hitler, the commander in master of the military, and, every bit a brave soldier, volition be prepared at all times to stake my life for this oath." (In 1939, God was removed from the oath.[65]) The Reichswehr was reorganized as the Wehrmacht on 21 May 1935, bringing the regular army, navy and air force under unified control.

Hitler guided the steps of their rearmament, thanks to his retentive memory and interest in technical questions. Full general Alfred Jodl wrote that Hitler's "phenomenal technical and tactical vision led him also to go the creator of mod weaponry for the army".[66] He hammered home arguments by reciting long passages from Frederick the Great and other military thinkers. "Although the generals might at times refer to Hitler as a 'facile apprentice', he was so far as an understanding of war machine history and weapons technology went, amend educated and equipped than nearly of them."[67] On 4 Feb 1938, afterwards Blomberg'southward disgrace and retirement, Hitler announced in a prescript: "From henceforth I exercise personally the immediate command over the whole armed services."[68] He abolished the State of war Ministry and took Blomberg'due south other title, Commander-in-Master, for himself. By that year'south end, the army had more than one million men and 25,000 officers.

Earth War II [edit]

Hitler'south gray compatible tunic with the Gold political party Bluecoat; Iron Cross and Wound badge. He is also wearing a Swastika armband on his left arm.

In his speech of one September 1939 at Kroll Opera House following the invasion of Poland, Hitler declared: "From now on I am just the starting time soldier of the German Reich. [A 8] I take one time more than put on the glaze that was most sacred and dear to me. I will not take it off once again until victory is secured, or I volition not survive the outcome."[69] From and so on, he began wearing a greyness military jacket with a swastika eagle sewn on the upper left sleeve. Throughout the war, the only military decorations Hitler displayed were his Wound Badge and Atomic number 26 Cross from World State of war I and the Nazi Golden Party Badge. Hitler's position in World State of war Ii was essentially supreme commander of the German War machine (Oberbefehlshaber der Deutschen Wehrmacht).

After ordering the preparations for the attack on Poland, he scrutinized all of the orders the staff prepared for the commencement three days of operations down to the regimental level. He rewrote the plans for the capture of a crucial bridge, making them much bolder.[70] His condition with the war machine escalated when they seized Norway and conquered Western Europe, with the major thrust coming through the Ardennes, which he had implemented despite the misgivings of many professional person advisers.[71]

By 1938, Hitler had started condign obsessed with his life mission and became convinced of his own infallibility. He stopped listening to counter-opinions and became overconfident in his own political moves and military expertise following the early on victories.[72] Hitler deepened his involvement in the war attempt by appointing himself commander-in-chief of the German Army (Heer) in December 1941; thus taking a direct operational posting usually held past a full German general. From this point forward he personally directed the war against the Soviet Spousal relationship, while his military commanders facing the Western Allies retained a caste of autonomy.[73] Hitler'southward leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies oft hindered by his slow decision making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory.[74] In the final months of the war Hitler refused to consider peace negotiations, regarding the destruction of Frg as preferable to surrender.[75] The war machine did non challenge Hitler's dominance of the war effort, and senior officers by and large supported and enacted his decisions.[76] Past 22 April 1945, when he finally acknowledged that the war was lost, Hitler told Generals Wilhelm Keitel and Jodl that he had no farther orders to requite.[77]

Awards and decorations [edit]

Decorations from Earth State of war I

  • Atomic number 26 Cross, Second Form – ii Dec 1914[20]
  • Bavarian Cross of War machine Merit, Tertiary Grade with Swords– 17 September 1917
  • Regimental Diploma (Regiment "List") – 5 May 1918
  • Wound Badge in Black – 18 May 1918[78]
  • Atomic number 26 Cross, Commencement Class – 4 August 1918[twenty]
  • Bavarian Medal of Military Service, Third Form – 25 August 1918
  • Cross of Honor with Swords – xiii July 1934 (retroactively awarded to all war veterans)

After the end of the war, the only decorations Hitler regularly wore were the Wound Bluecoat and Showtime Class Iron Cross. Of the Nazi Party badges, the Gilded Political party Badge number 'ane' was the only one he wore on a regular basis.[79]

References [edit]

Informational notes

  1. ^ Equally a gefreiter, Hitler wore one stripe on his uniform, the rank being the outcome of his sole promotion, from his initial rank of individual. Well-nigh English-language sources refer to Hitler equally "lance corporal" or "corporal", while occasionally a source – such as Volker Ullrich in his biography of Hitler, in the English language translation from German by Jefferson Chase – chose to use "private outset class" or "individual".[1] [2]
  2. ^ Two of them joined him in 1940 after the victory over France and the Depression Countries for a nostalgic tour of their old haunts in Flemish region.[fourteen]
  3. ^ Compare:Koebner, Thomas, ed. (1989). "Bruder Hitler": Autoren des Exils und des Widerstands sehen den "Führer" des Dritten Reiches [ 'Brother Hitler': Authors of the exile and of the resistance on the 'Fuhrer' of the 3rd Reich]. Heyne Sachbuch. Heyne. p. 21. ISBN9783453033856 . Retrieved 12 September 2017. Frage: Warum ist dieser 'Führer' viereinhalb Kriegsjahre lang ewig nur Gefreiter geblieben? Es war Mangel an Unteroffizieren; trotzdem sagte sein Kompanieführer: 'Diesen Hysteriker mache ich niemals zum Unteroffizier!' [Question: Why did this 'Fuehrer' remain a mere Lance-Corporal for four and a one-half long years of state of war? In that location was a shortage of non-commissioned officers; nevertheless his company commander said: 'I will never make this hysterical man a non-com!']
  4. ^ Guard duty at a POW camp to the East, near the Austrian border. The prisoners were Russian, and Hitler had volunteered for the posting. Shirer 1960, p. 34; Toland 1976, p. twenty harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFToland1976 (help).
  5. ^ As a socialist journalist, Eisner organised the Socialist Revolution that overthrew the Wittelsbach monarchy in Bavaria in Nov 1918, which led to his being described every bit "the symbol of the Bavarian revolution".
  6. ^ Toland suggests that Hitler'southward assignment to this department was partially a advantage for his "exemplary" service in the front lines, and partially considering the responsible officer felt sorry for Hitler as having no friends, but being very willing to do whatever the army required. Toland 1976, p. 20 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFToland1976 (assistance).
  7. ^ Apparently someone in an ground forces "educational session" had made a remark that Hitler deemed "pro-Jewish" and Hitler reacted with characteristic ferocity. Shirer states that Hitler had attracted the attention of a correct-wing university professor who was engaged to educate enlisted men in "proper" political belief, and that the professor's recommendation to an officer resulted in Hitler's advancement. Shirer 1960, p. 35. "I was offered the opportunity of speaking before a larger audience; and ... it was now corroborated: I could 'speak.' No task could make me happier than this; ... I was able to perform useful services to ... the army. ... [I]northward ... my lectures I led many hundreds ... of comrades dorsum to their people and fatherland." Hitler 1999, pp. 215–216 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFHitler1999 (aid).
  8. ^ Erster Soldat des Deutschen Reiches – a self-claimed rank, equivalent of Generalissimo

Citations

  1. ^ O'Donnell 1978, p. 48.
  2. ^ Ullrich 2016, p. 56.
  3. ^ a b Shirer 1960, p. 27.
  4. ^ Weber 2010, p. 16.
  5. ^ Kershaw 2001, pp. 90, 99.
  6. ^ Evans 2003, pp. 163–164.
  7. ^ Weber 2010, pp. 12–13.
  8. ^ Kershaw 1999, p. ninety.
  9. ^ Solleder 1932.
  10. ^ Keegan 1987, p. 239.
  11. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 53–54.
  12. ^ Weber 2010, p. 100.
  13. ^ a b c Alberge 2010
  14. ^ Kershaw 2000, p. 299. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFKershaw2000 (help)
  15. ^ Joachimsthaler, A. (1989) Korrektur einer Biographie. Adolf Hitler 1908–1920, München:Herbig, pp. 141–144
  16. ^ a b Kershaw 2008, p. 58.
  17. ^ Shirer 1960, p. 30.
  18. ^ Weber 2010, p. 156.
  19. ^ Solleder 1932, p. 114.
  20. ^ a b c Bullock 1962, pp. 52–53.
  21. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 59.
  22. ^ Meyer, A. (1934) Mit Adolf Hitler im Bayr. R.I.R. 16 List, Neustat-Aisch: Georg Apperle
  23. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 57.
  24. ^ Weidmann, p. 29. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWeidmann (help)
  25. ^ Langer 1972, pp. 135–136.
  26. ^ Langer 1972, p. 136.
  27. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 59–60.
  28. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 60, 62.
  29. ^ Langer 1972, p. 37.
  30. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 64.
  31. ^ Ullrich 2016, p. 75.
  32. ^ Ullrich 2016, p. 79.
  33. ^ a b Ullrich 2016, p. 80.
  34. ^ Mitchell 2013, p. 37.
  35. ^ Shirer 1960, p. 34.
  36. ^ a b Kershaw 2008, pp. 72–74.
  37. ^ Rees 2012, pp. 17–18.
  38. ^ Ullrich 2016, p. 82.
  39. ^ Shirer 1960, p. 35.
  40. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 82.
  41. ^ Stackelberg 2007, p. 9.
  42. ^ "World State of war I 1918 British soldier allegedly spares the life of an injured Adolf Hitler". This Day in History. History.com. Retrieved 3 Oct 2015.
  43. ^ Morpurgo, Michael (iii October 2015). "Michael Morpurgo on the soldier who could have stopped a globe state of war with i shot". The Times Newspaper. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  44. ^ a b Godl, John (22 Baronial 2009). "How a Right Tin can Make a Wrong". FirstWorldWar.com . Retrieved three October 2015.
  45. ^ Johnson, David (one October 2013). One Soldier and Hitler, 1918: The Story of Henry Tandey VC DCM MM. Spellmount Publishers Ltd. ISBN978-0752466132.
  46. ^ "Did British soldier spare Hitler's life in WWI?". BBC News. two March 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  47. ^ http://victoriacross.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/tandey.jpg[ bare URL prototype file ]
  48. ^ Johnson, David (2012). One Soldier And Hitler, 1918. Gloucestershire: the History Press. p. 149. ISBN978-0-7524-6613-2.
  49. ^ Johnson, David (2012). 1 Soldier And Hitler, 1918. Gloucestershire: the History Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN978-0-7524-6613-2.
  50. ^ "Nostalgia: Latest Nostalgia pieces from Teesside Live". world wide web.gazettelive.co.uk.
  51. ^ Johnson, David (2012). One Soldier And Hitler, 1918. Gloucestershire: the History Press. p. 150. ISBN978-0-7524-6613-2.
  52. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2019. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  53. ^ Johnson, David (2012). One Soldier And Hitler, 1918. Gloucestershire: the History Printing. p. 146. ISBN978-0-7524-6613-2.
  54. ^ Johnson, David (2012). One Soldier And Hitler, 1918. Gloucestershire: the History Press. p. 144. ISBN978-0-7524-6613-ii.
  55. ^ Johnson, David (2012). One Soldier And Hitler, 1918. Только правда ли всё это судите сами. Gloucestershire: the History Printing. p. 145. ISBN978-0-7524-6613-2.
  56. ^ Kershaw, Ian (1998) Hitler 1889–1936 Hubris New York: Norton. p.96. ISBN 0-393-04671-0
  57. ^ Aster, Sidney (1976). Anthony Eden. London: St Martin'southward Printing. ISBN978-0-312-04235-6. Online free pp. 5-eight
  58. ^ Rhodes James, Robert (1986) Anthony Eden p. 55
  59. ^ Kershaw 1998, p. 441. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFKershaw1998 (help)
  60. ^ Messerschmidt, M. (1969). Dice Wehrmacht im NS-staat. Zeit der indoctrination, Hamburg:Decker's Verlag, pp. 18–47
  61. ^ Schoenbaum, D.(1967). Hitler'south social revolution. Class and Condition in Nazi Frg 1933–1939, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 68
  62. ^ O'Neill, R. J. (1966). The German Army and the Nazi Party, 1933–1939, London: Cassell, p. 65
  63. ^ Shirer, West.S. (1941). Berlin Diary, London: Hamish Hamilton, p. 346
  64. ^ Strawson 1971, p. 43.
  65. ^ Rosinski, H. (1939). The High german Army, London: Hogarth Printing, p. 237
  66. ^ Schramm 1972, p. 104.
  67. ^ Strawson 1971, p. 51.
  68. ^ Strawson 1971, p. 66.
  69. ^ Stein 2002, p. 26.
  70. ^ Strawson 1971, p. 92.
  71. ^ Schramm 1972, p. 148.
  72. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 420, 446–447, 559–561, 571.
  73. ^ Kershaw 2012, pp. 169–170.
  74. ^ Overy 2005, pp. 421–425.
  75. ^ Kershaw 2012, pp. 396–397.
  76. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 171–395, 569.
  77. ^ Strawson 1971, p. 226.
  78. ^ Steiner 1976, p. 392.
  79. ^ Angolia 1989, p. 183.

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External links [edit]

  • Adolf Hitler's Globe War I service timeline
  • Adolf Hitler 1914-1918

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Adolf_Hitler

Posted by: baumobee1968.blogspot.com

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